The Meaning and Significance of Books to Three Characters in Dai Sijie’s Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress

Ever since the first caveman delved to carve out pictures on rock, life has been changed, shaped, molded, and transformed by the magic of writing. The written word—or images, as in the case of the old caveman—as created by the combined efforts of experience and the musings of the human mind has opened doors and paths for otherwise enclosed spaces and dead ends. One may be physically alone yet feel surrounded by a wealth of friends and exotic locations brought upon by the narratives of gifted writers.The experience of reading, while often done on one’s own, has the power to strengthen and expand the mind and the mindset, allowing entry to ideas that may not have been available to the reader previously. Such was the collective effect of books on the young minds of Luo, the Little Seamstress, and The Narrator; while they were each exposed to practically the same thoughts as gleaned from the legendary writings of iconic Western authors—Balzac, in particularâ⠂¬â€their interpretations made the ultimate difference.The magic of the words spun so engagingly and in a thought-provoking manner eventually cast its spell on the specific need of each individual. While The Narrator and Luo were marked for re-education as a requisite of the Cultural Revolution, the Little Seamstress, on the other hand, was in dire need of education. The ending revealed the outcome of these goals in terms of friendship, love, life, power, and respect.II. Power and Life as Read By The Narrator Of all three characters, The Narrator achieves the traditional level of one who comprehends the nature and purpose of reading books—which is the equivalent power resulting from learning new ideas and exploring uncharted territories. Books gave him the confidence to be what he never thought he could, and do things he would have never considered.The discovery of this newfound power ironically meant new life in the midst of his training to eliminate intellectualism; thus i t was a non-negotiable fact to claim the source, even if it meant breaking into Four-Eyes’ home, or having his â€Å"body as a rallying ground for armies of lice† (Dai Sijie 71) at the miller’s. The Narrator is a boy of gentle and unassuming character, making him the perfect foil to Luo’s aggressive and devil-may-care stance, born out of his privileged background.The Narrator was of ample means as well, but Luo would outdo him in almost every aspect. The Narrator’s knowledge was the acquired taste of violin music, whereas Luo’s affinity for storytelling made him the more popular of the two. Even in their common interest in The Little Seamstress, Luo emerged as the victor. Thus when The Narrator discovered the power afforded not just by Balzac, but also of â€Å"Flaubert, Gogol, Melville, and even Romain Rolland† (Dai Sijie 119).The last author’s work, Jean-Christophe, proved to be the most significant to The Narrator; it was pe rhaps the singular theme of â€Å"one man standing up against the whole world† (Dai Sijie 119) that resonated within his own reality. The separation from his parents and the humiliation that awaited them as part of the ostracized bourgeoisie, his forced stay in Phoenix Mountain, and the rules that he had to follow may have been the factors that The Narrator believed he had to fight.At the end of the story, it was the values of love and loyalty imparted to him by the books he read that led him to act on the greatest adventure of his young life: protecting The Little Seamstress as a promise to Luo. III. Adventure and Conquest as Read by Luo The boy Luo appeared to be the most complete of all characters, specifically since his attitude and interests were simply within the conventional concept of heroes in books. A typical hero was one who exhibited exceptional courage, devoid of weakness, and saved the damsel in distress.While Luo did read the books he and The Narrator got their hands on, he was particularly fixated with the work of Balzac, the first of which was about a â€Å"French story of love and miracles† (Dai Sijie 57). With this in his arsenal, Luo proceeded to use the book’s allure to capture the heart of The Little Seamstress, his own version of a storybook princess. Clearly, Luo’s relationship with books had more to do with his goal to conquer, rather than to enrich his mind.Luo already had the gift of gab and an innate talent for spinning tales, and traveling great distances to read Balzac’s stories to The Little Seamstress was part of his concept of adventure. If heroes in novels presented jewelry and clothes to their ladies, Luo’s offering was his borrowed stories, intending to educate the girl on culture, as he was of the mind that â€Å"’she’s not civilised, at least not enough for me! ’† (Dai Sijie 27). Little did he know that his constant sharing of knowledge from Balzacâ€⠄¢s books would not only impart culture, but change the way The Little Seamstress viewed her own life and value.As an added note, it is apparent that Luo, among all the characters in the novel, did not undergo much change or progress; what he was in the beginning was the same as in the end. Again, this correlates with the narrative of a hero, who always begins and ends with the same amount of strength and bravado. IV. Freedom and Discovery as Read by The Little Seamstress The Little Seamstress, being a country girl, was the exact opposite of The Narrator and Luo; all she had to offer were her sewing skills, her sense of daughterly duty, and her exquisite beauty.The last quality had been expounded upon by The Narrator at length, her face at one time he described as â€Å"oval†¦ and the sparkle in her eyes—without doubt the loveliest pair of eyes in the district of Yong Jing, if not the entire region† (Dai Sijie 21). Being of no formal education, The Little Seamstre ss could not read, and thus relied on Luo to take her through the fascinating worlds she could not access. Her life, until the arrival of Luo and The Narrator, was dull, mundane, and repetitive—as life in the country during the Mao era was characterized.It could be assumed that her skills in sewing were simply acquired for lack of choice; her father was a tailor, and a successful one at that. Women like The Little Seamstress, hidden in the mountains and tasked to do female-oriented jobs, had little or no chance to grow intellectually; and the ban on intellectualism during this period made this even worse. Thus her attraction to Luo may not just be seen on the superficial level, but also because she saw the boy as her only source of the kind of knowledge she lacked.Ironically, it is her acquired knowledge of her celebrated beauty that allowed her to move forward and embark on a new life; by taking Balzac’s words to heart, â€Å"a woman’s beauty is a treasure bey ond price† (Dai Sijie 184), The Little Seamstress set forth to make use of the one quality she knew she had and explore opportunities that would separate her from the mechanical life she was doomed to live. Literature offered her not just the exotic locales described to her by Luo, but also the understanding that she had to be part of such a world for her new dreams to be realized.Dai Sijie’s description of her eyes as her best feature had become a metaphor for her new outlook. V. Conclusion The appropriation of books as the catalyst in the novel is more than just a technical device to introduce the idea of learning new ideas and philosophies; the more integral aspect is the environment in which they exist, a society where intellectual growth and exploration is deemed illegal and immoral. By creating this setting, the hunger for knowledge had become more palpable, and the acquisition of it, albeit secretly, became the weapons needed by the more vulnerable members.Having young people on the verge of adulthood is perfectly suited for this argument, as they are the most capable of traversing the distances of new knowledge. Ironically, books and young people do not always mix, in less restrictive circumstances; but because of the situation into which they had been forced, books became their sole ally. Clearly, the author took on a critical view of Communism and how it greatly affected China and its people; by exposing the practice of ‘re-education’, Dai Sijie put forth a believable discussion regarding the natural human need for growth, individuality, and knowledge.

Vark: Educational Psychology and Learning Styles

VARK Analysis Grand Canyon University VARK Analysis VARK refers to a specific style of learning, visual, auditory, reading and writing and kinesthetic leaners. (Fleming & Mills, 1992) VARK assessment questions alert people to the variety of different approaches to learning. (VARK: A Guide to Learning Styles, 2011) For those struggling with learning the VARK analysis can develop a new learning approach or enhance your current learning style by identifying your learning style to more effectively store and recall information. Knowing our own learning style also can help you to realize that other people may approach the situation different from your own. (Connor, 2009) â€Å"Everyone has a certain amount of each learning style, but one learning type will be more dominant that than other. †(Smith, 2011) Throughout our journey of childhood education we are introduced to kinesthetic learning in the early years, JR high visual and read and write and higher learners experience more auditory. (Smith, 2011) Each individual is exposed to different learning approaches however we develop a preference to a specific learning style. Whichever type a person is, will be how they view life and comprehend situations. This is their own, unique personal filtering system. Obviously each of us will become automatically drawn to our same type, and those who filter the same information the way we do. But having diverse relationships will increase our own happiness throughout our lives† (Smith, 2011) â€Å"VARK is a bout learning, not leisure activities. The read/write learners prefer information displayed as words. This learning style emphasizes text based-input and output. People who prefer this modality are often addicted to Power Points, the internet, lists diaries and words, words, words. †(VARK: A Guide to Learning Styles, 2011) Upon taking this test, it reinforced the learning strategies I currently utilize the read and write learning preference. Read and write learners need writing materials to take down points the think are important from what the read, hear and see. (Smith, 2011) The advantage for read write learners they are very independent with learning and can self-teach. A disadvantage to this style of learning preference if a presentation is audio or visual with no opportunities to take notes, this type of learner will struggle with comprehending the content. With a presentation that is more visual and audio, the read write learner must convert this content to a style of words in their head that will help them commit this to memory. (VARK: A Guide to Learning Styles, 2011) Read and Write learners prefer to take information by making list, headings or utilizing book, handouts, essays and manuals. To make their intake of information a learnable package a read and write learner must convert their â€Å"notes† by 3:1 for studying. † (VARK: A Guide to Learning Styles, 2011) These read/write learner to utilize the information they gather often organizes their written words into diagrams, graphs, charts and read their notes and rewrite the principals into other words. The successful output of this information is when they can perform well on a test or assignment. VARK: A Guide to Learning Styles, 2011) Completing the VARK analysis at the beginning of my BSN program reinforced the strengths of my read write learning preference. This learning preference style analysis also gave suggestions if a read and write learner is put in a situation where they must utilize the other learning styles. The suggestion to convert that information into the preferred â€Å"word† method read/ write learners like is an excellent suggestion rather than focusing on the fact one is uncomfortable with the presentation of the material in a non-preferred learning method. University Education is ideal for a read and write learner due to the comfort of reading text, writing notes and essays. † (VARK: A Guide to Learning Styles, 2011) This style learning preference does well with self-teach /learning which a benefit in the online classroom environment. The challenge a read/ write learner might face in the online classroom is the need to l isten to online tutorials, this is a time they would need to convert the information into a preferred â€Å"word† method to process the needed information in a way they better comprehend. The read write learner has a â€Å"AH HA’ moment which is the point the words they intake help them comprehend the topic and process the information long term. (Smith, 2011) References Connor, M. (2009). Ageless Learners: What’s your Learning Style? Retrieved January 20, 2012, from http://agelesslearner. com/assess/learningstyle. html Fleming, N. , & Mills, C. (1992). Helping Students Understand How They Learn [Journal]. The Teaching Professor, 7(). Retrieved from www. vark-learn. com Smith, C. (2011, June). Understanding Every Personality Type: Audio, Visual and Kinesthetic [Discussion Group comment]. Retrieved from http://applecsmith. hubpages. com/hub/Being-Successful-With-Every-Personality-Type-Audio-Visual-Kinesthetic Smith, D. (2011, June 26). Advantages and Disadvantages to different learning styles [Discussion Group comment]. Retrieved from http://www. ehow. com/info_8651838_advantages-disadvantages-different-learning-styles. html VARK: A Guide to Learning Styles. (2011). www. vark-learn. com

Business Ethics for Practices and Processes-myassignmenthelp

One of the industries prone to risks and accidents is the oil and gas industry (Gardiner, 2011). Ethical considerations while operating in this industry is highly fundamental because a simple mistake can lead to mass destruction and even loss of lives (Danielle, 2015). While operating oil and gas organizations, the management should know that the pany has the responsibility of ensuring everything goes as expected to prevent environmental pollution, and accidents which result from fire and other aspects associated with these products. One of the ethical risk management in oil and gas industry includes reducing the chances of oil leaks, spillage and explosion. Corporate governance aids in reducing accidents in the fact that managers emphasize on ensuring there is safe working environment for all employees (Iqba, 2015). Through working in a system of rules, practices and processes, employees as well as the management considers avoiding accidents which result from negligence. Corporate governance in oil and gas industry helps in balancing the interest of different stakeholder and working based on the law (Humphrey etl., 2016). This help in minimizing accidents because the employees and the management work for the benefits of not only the organization but also for the wellbeing of all stakeholders. Managing risks includes certification and training employees on how to reduce accidents from happening (Wicksten, 2015) managers should empower employees through allowing them to play a role in developing policies, procedures and incentives. The major importance of empowering employees to develop policies is that they will be able to understand and follow them while undertaking their day to day duties. When employees are trained concerning their responsibilities while handling oil and gas products, they understand it is unethical to let living things perish because of negligence. Training employees is important because it improves workplace safety productivity and satisfaction. It also provides them with skills which enable them to handle the products with keenness to ensure the chances of accidents are minimized. Managing risk relates with reducing accidents in the fact that taking risk prevention measures leads to the reduction of accidents. Establishing code of conduct for employees is vital for the organization because it plays a significant role in outlining the organization’s expectation and guiding principles for appropriate workplace behavior (Kihyun, 2016). The code of conduct in the oil and gas industry is vital because it provides legal and ethical guidelines which strengthen the relationship between clients, service users and employees. With this type of relationship, accidents are minimized because the pany manages risks to improve the wellbeing of all stakeholders. There should also be provision of incentives to improve the safety culture. This should start by training employees on risk management techniques and also letting them know that managing risks in this industry contributes to reduction of accidents (Danielle, 2015). The three incidences provided in the case study shows managing risk is related to reducing risks because all accidents resulted from not taking the required measures to manage risks. How ethical leadership assist the oil and gas industry to manage risk. Performance of every organization is always determined by the kind of leadership exercised by the senior officials. Ethical leadership in gas and oil industry can aid in managing risk in a number of ways (Cardenas, 2015). First, if the people in charge of the panies practices ethical leadership and understand the risks of neglecting things which can lead to accidents, they will always ensure all procedures required during production, transporting and storing these products are followed (Kihyun, 2016). The major cause of most accidents which occur in oil and gas industry is lack of valuing ethics in leadership. A leader who leads a pany which operates in is industry should always understand that the products which the firm deals with risk the lives of human beings, animals and plants (Banerjea, 2010). Therefore, they should lead the organizations in a manner which allows everyone to understand that it is unethical to risk lives because on negligence. This can be obtained through leading by example, training, setting rules and regulations and so forth (Danielle, 2015). Ethical leadership leads to making other people in the organization to be ethical. If a leader understands doing a particular thing will lead to a particular risk, he/she will also make other people in the organization understand that (Iqba, 2015). Through enabling everyone in an organization understands doing a particular thing is wrong or wring, there will be reduction of risks because people will be doings things which can ensure maximum safety of environment and living things. The characteristic which define ethical leadership are the ones which assist in managing risks in this industry (Iqba, 2015). For example, ethical leaders know it is unethical to neglect doing what can prevent accidents from happening. The fact that they exercise kind of leadership which is directed by respecting ethical beliefs, dignity and the rights of other people will always prioritize minimizing risks which can harm others. Ethical leadership will also reduce risks in oil and gas industry through informing other staff members that every living thing has the right to live, and neglecting to prevent things which risk other people’s lives is unethical (Kihyun, 2016). Ethical leaders direct organizations to do what is right for not only the benefits of the organization but also for the benefit of other people. Ethical leaders respect the rights of individualism, dignity and opinion of other people. This kind of leadership does not force its viewpoints on subordinates but seeks to understand and a modate the positive differences and standpoints of other people (Kihyun, 2016). Respecting other people’s rights assist in minimizing accidents in this industry because the management understands human beings have the right to live, and therefore manages all risks in their organizations. Ethical leadership encourages the culture of responsibility and transparency (Gardiner, 2011). In all industries, oil and gas is among the industries which require the essence of accountability because lack of taking responsibilities may lead to serious risks. Ethical leadership makes all the people in the organization to understand that they are accountable for whatever lack of managing risks (Aaron etl., 2017). Practicing ethical leadership reduces risks in the fact that it assists the management and other employees to know the importance of including corporate social responsibility and obeying the law in their operations (Iqba, 2015). The other reason why ethical leadership can help in managing risks in gas and oil industry is that ethical leaders do not encourage culture of corruption and greed. In some cases, some of the accidents which occur in this industry result from leaders entertaining greed and corruption in their organizations (Banerjea, 2010). A good example from the case study is the kind of leadership associated with Enron case of the 90’s. The other way which ethical leadership can assist in managing risks in oil and gas industry is through quality management and safety control. Ethical leaders understand that organizations should ensure there is safety for not only the employees but also for other stakeholders (Douglas, 2010). Ethical leaders ensure no deaths, injuries or environmental pollution which results from lack of following the required guidelines during production and transportation of these products.   ensuring quality management also plays a significant role minimizing risks in this industry because ethical leaders emphasizes on regular inspection of pipes, storage tanks and other facilities to ensure they are of   good quality. According to Iqba (2015), oil and gas industry is one of the industries prone to accidents and therefore quality of not only the oil and gas but also for all equipment involved in production, transportation and storage should be prioritize. Ethical leaders direct organizations to operate based on rules to attain their objectives (Kihyun, 2016). Operating based on the law means the organizations does the right thing and follows the required procedures during production, transportation or storage of the oil and gas products. Ethical leaders make employees understand the consequences of breaking not only the national law but also the pany rules and regulations. This makes every person in the pany to do the right things even when the results do not benefit them. Ethical leaders direct organizations to adhere to the required policies and procedures of doing things. In some cases, accidents in this industry because of using shortcuts while handling the products (Banerjea, 2010).   Following procedures during transportation, production or storage of oil and gas products aids in minimizing risks because people do not neglect doing what is right. According to Julie (2015), ethical leaders empower employees through trust and encouraging open munication. Through empowerment, leaders who practice ethical leadership manage risks because employees have an input and control over their work. They also openly share ideas about how to minimize risks. According to Iqba (2015), empowered employees mit themselves to the tasks they undertake and ensure they mind the wellbeing of their counterparts and that of the society. Ethical leadership can help in managing risks in gas and oil industry through various ways. Some of these include encouraging culture of responsibility and transparency, environmental risk management, and through quality and safety management. Ethical leaders do what is right for the benefits of not only their organization but also for the benefits of other people. This means if all leaders in oil and gas industry adapt this kind of leadership, risks which arise from various aspects like spillage, bursting and leakage can be managed.   Aaron W. Tustin, 1 Annemarie G. Hirsch, 2 Sara G. Rasmussen, 1 Joan A. Casey, 3 Karen Bandeen-Roche, 4 and Brian S. Schwartz, 2017. Associations between Unconventional Natural Gas Development and Nasal and Sinus, Migraine Headache, and Fatigue Symptoms in Pennsylvania. Envorimental Health Perspectives https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/EHP281/   Banerjea, P. K., 2010. Wholesome Ethical Leadership[dagger]. IUP Journal of Corporate Governance, 9(1/2), pp. 45-57. Cardenas, G. J., 2015. The Era of Petroleum Arbitration Mega Cases: mentary on Occidental V. Ecuador, ICSID Award, 2012. Houston Journal of International Law, 35(3), pp. 34-56. Danielle, K. A., 2015. Transporting Oil and Gas: U.S. Infrastructure Challenges. Iowa Law Review, 100(3), pp. 67-78. Douglas, P. A., 2010. At What Cost, Intelligence? A Case Study of the Consequences of Ethical (and Unethical) Leadership. Military Review,, pp. 25-45. Enzo, F., 2011. Review: Blowout in the Gulf: The BP Oil Spill Disaster and the Future of Energy in America. Electronic Green Journal, Volume 42, pp. 56-67. Emilia Hermelinda Lopera Pareja (1), Ana Garcà ­a Laso (2), and Domingo Alfonso Martà ­n Sà ¡nchez (2), 2015. Discourses and values underpin public debate on fracking in Spain: Acase study at the crossroad. Geophysical Research Abstracts. Vol. 17, EGU2015-1934, 2015 Gardiner, S. M., 2011. A Perfect Moral Storm: The Ethical Tragedy of Climate Change. New York: Oxford University Press. Humphrey, P., Carter, D. A., & Simkins, B., 2016. The market's reaction to unexpected, catastrophic events. The Journal of Risk Finance, 17(1), 2-25. Retrieved from https://search.proquest /docview/1756475345?accountid=30552 Iqba, Z., 2015. CEO Age, Education, and Introduction of Hedging in the Oil and Gas Industry. Journal of Economics and Finance,, 39(1), pp. 65-78. Juanes, Ruben & Shaw, John H., 2017.Coupled Flow and Geomechanical Modeling and Assessment of Induced Seismicity, at the Castor Underground Gas Storage Project, Final Report. Page 73 Conclusions ; Page 74 R endations Julie, C., 2015. What Is an Ethical Leader?: The Characteristics of Ethical Leadership from the Perceptions Held by Australian Senior Executives. Journal of Business and Management, 21(1), pp. 123-128. Kihyun, L., 2016. Ethical Leadership and Followers' Taking Charge: Trust in, and Identification with, Leader as Mediators. Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal, 44(11), pp. 234-256. Nyankson, E., Rodene, D. & Gupta, R.B. 2016, "Advancements in Crude Oil Spill Remediation Research After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill", Water, Air and Soil Pollution, vol. 227, no. 1, pp. 1-22. Perry, R., 2011. THE DEEPWATER HORIZON OIL SPILL AND THE LIMITS OF CIVIL LIABILITY, Washington Law Review, vol. 86, no. 1, pp. 1-68. Urbanavicius, Jonas, 2015. European Networks Law and Regulation Quarterly (ENLR) ; Berlin 3.2 (2015): 93102. Wansley, Matthew T., 2016. Regulation of Emerging Risks.   Nashville 69.2 (Mar 2016): 401-478. Wicksten, M. K., 2015. Vertical Reefs: Life on Oil and Gas Platforms in the Northwestern Gulf of Mexico. College Station, TX: Texas A&M University Press.

Job Analysis & Design in the Organization Essay

Job Analysis & Design in the Organization - Essay Example 6. Promoting the organization as an employer of choice. Employee Interaction: 1. Supervision of the activities of all staff members in the Human Resources Area. 2. Determining the number and type of positions that need to be created and filled in the HR Department, as well as judging the competencies of the staff and placing them accordingly. 3. Creating and setting up the overall structure of the HR Department with its divisions into Recruitment, Compensation and Benefits, Payroll & Accounting, Training and Development and Legal Counsel. 4. Having knowledge of what each HR staff member is doing, his or her responsibility areas and assigning duties and goals to each area and each employee through his or her reporting authority. Management Responsibilities: 1. To see that the HR Department is working as a cohesive unit and meeting its generally accepted responsibilities. 2. To look after the Administrative functions that invariably form a part of HR duties and responsibilities. 3. To act in compliance with company guidelines on good corporate governance and ethical behavior. 4. To guarantee and ensure employee confidentiality of events reported, as and when required. 5. To act as the custodian of HR policies and procedures, preparation and updating of the HR Manual and communicating all revised policies throughout the organization with the approval of the CEO/CFO or other relevant Head of Departments. 6. To liaise with Payroll, Accounting, and Administration staff to see that salaries, bonuses, increments and deductions are made on a timely basis and in accordance with legal and tax guidelines. 7. To take disciplinary action where and when required, in conformity with organizational policy and management directives, involving legal counsel as needed. 8. To participate in salary surveys within the industry, incorporating these into increment and bonus packages for employees. 9. To take employee satisfaction surveys and monitor employee morale. 10. To create a suc cession plan for key management staff and keep senior management informed of staff turnover at all levels. Qualifications: Bachelors or Masters in Psychology, Human Relations or Organizational Development. Experience of at least 10 years in handling Human Resources or Administration related functions- with at least 5 years in a middle to a senior management position. Must have completed the requirements of the CIPD and SHRM and be a member of these organizations. Working Conditions: 1. Must be a confident and competent individual, a self-starter willing and able to work without supervision, both individually and as part of a team. 2. Must be able to create, organize and manage a team of competent HR professionals that hold value for the organization. 3. Must be able to work long hours when required, with considerable human interaction at all levels within the organization. Work Schedules: The position is normally a 9 to 5 job; however being a management position, the working hours c an be extended from time to time as necessary in order to perform the requirements of the job. Management positions do not attract overtime.  

Western Civilization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Western Civilization - Essay Example Despite it being the case conflict kept emerging but was taken a notch high during the medieval. At the time the world witnessed a conquest among nations while striving at dominance. Most lives were lost before peace realization. It latter emerged that they were unlikely to achieve much while fighting. During the struggle nations were ruled by monarchs, the kings prided themselves in strong armies made up of skilled men. The Roman Empire was perhaps one of the greatest kingdoms. Its influence span far and wide across the entire European continent, kings graced its reign but as a result of revolutionary ideologies among some and crave for power these among other factors led to its demise. While still a central power then Roman citizen had the advantage of carrying out their business without restriction, they however needed to pay their respect to the ruling elite while practicing the law in place (Kelly, Rees & Shuter, 61). The law was however discriminative and never favored all owin g to its tendency to limit freedom. This implied that failure to adhere to it had its own disadvantages. Penalties were also applicable yet they were too inhuman and may perhaps be the reason why some rebelled while striving at liberation. Everyone was however obliged to pay tax to the central government. The monarch government owned all existing resource; people were only tasked to take good care of it. The nobles thus manipulated the entire population during their reigned; on the flip side most of the population was simply taken through a harsh reality and could at times find it had to make a decent living. Power had thus been corrupted by selfish intend to cherish the elite at the expense of the larger population. While some kingdoms had a strong grip on their regions some become more ambitious and were keen on dominating a wider region. This was unlikely to come handy without strife. It only called for wars and counter acquisition owing to such regions being dominated by other k ingdoms. In order to achieve this objective it was important to hire more personnel to counter the enemy; some states had over 400,000 soldiers at the time but needed enough resource to actualize this dream (Rogers, DeVries & France, 174). Religion played a great role at the time; for instance the Roman catholic was perhaps one of the most prominent religions and has carried on till to date. Several values were championed by religion while trying to ensure people enhanced their spiritual aspect while worshiping their creator in obedience to his word. This was however distinct from the common law in practice but was perhaps well inscribed for all to obey. It too faced a lot of opposition with the emergence of other religions as fellow worshipers some of who were not pleased by practices being championed. One of the most dominant has been the raise of the protestant church. Some urged that this was a rebellious movement depicting the church in wrong light but may have been largely due to monotony in tradition by its predecessor yet it didn’t avail much while aiming at transforming man (Robinson & Leyla Rouhi., 25). Men were on the other hand so much oppressed and were in need of solutions to their ailing hearts. One of the most pressing issues was the concept of salvation which was never handled well in the past. During the medieval age people practiced absolutism; this refers to a situation where one was empowered to oversee leadership over a certain region. It was so common in the past and was perhaps the reason behind kingship. At the time democracy was never applied; people were however under the mercy of those in power. During ones reign one was likely to do it without necessarily putting a law in place to actualize his objective;

Org behavior 3 leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Org behavior 3 leadership - Essay Example The personal leadership model+300 9 13 3.2. Abilities+400 13 3.3. Personality+400 16 3.4. Values+500 18 3.5. The discussion desired effective theory of leadership+500 20 References 23 Bibliography 24 Introduction This process must include a structured procedure for self-assessment and development of necessary criteria like mission, value, ideals, goals etc. This paper will attempt to present a systematic procedure for encouraging the leadership qualities. In order to meet this objective, this paper is primarily divided into three sections. The first section will deal with the self assessment as it is necessary to identify and analyse the potential of being a successful leader. It is also important for taking necessary actions for the areas of improvements. The second section includes the development of necessary goal, mission, values etc, and these factors are very crucial as it paves the way for nurturing the leadership quality. In fact, this section creates a necessary basis for en couraging leadership quality through proper direction. The third section will present necessary theoretical backgrounds which are essential for shaping leadership qualities. This section will also focus on the development of personal leadership models and development of other leadership traits like personality, values, abilities etc. Finally, the entire discussion will be summed up in the conclusion. 1. Awareness and Insight through Self-Assessment To support the necessity of self-awareness for leadership development, Rothstein and Burke have commented that â€Å"self-awareness provides a basis for introspection, choice, priority setting, change and development† (Rothstein and Burke, 2010, p.5). The following self-assessment exercise have framed on the basis of five major areas that includes leadership potentials, self confidence, leadership skills, communication apprehension and creative personality. 1.1. Your leadership potential In regards to assessment relating to readine ss it is observed that I have scored 6 which in turn signify a moderate to higher readiness. Our supervisors thus tried to explain the aspects of the work to us to help enhance our abilities to be more ready with the task assigned (Leadership, n.d., p.3; Bowerman & Wart, 2011, p.121). The dimensions of participative and stewardship reflect an above average score of three and this shows that our supervisors not only helped work in a participative work environment but also worked as the protector of the resources both human and technological in regards to the organization (Nolan, 1998, p.1). This data shows that our supervisors avoided showing an authoritative position and also were not the blind followers of the works of the subordinates (Waddell, 2006, p.2). 1.2. Your self-confidence In terms of my character I am a hard working and confident individual who desires to be self reliant in achieving the goals set or entrusted upon me by my superiors. This personality trait also helps my superiors to better depend on me for achieving tasks of advanced level. In respect to the assessment made the scores obtained in each of the different parameters reflect a problem in my character where I reflect getting a jerk in respect to the rising of some unexpected event which may be adverse in nature. 1.3. Your team leadership skills This assessment exercise is also very useful in understanding the leadership orientation of the leadership type. The test for this sell-assessment exerci

Cross-Cultural Communication in the Management Research Paper

Cross-Cultural Communication in the Management - Research Paper Example In a progressively international construction market, communication problems will pose as one of the most crucial tests facing construction project managers. Having said that, the researcher recognized that an understanding of the importance and impacts of cross-cultural communication and the means by which it can be managed will provide the capacity to meet and get past these challenges; therefore justifying the need to study it. It consists of the effective rules for doing business, the boundaries between competitive and unethical behavior and the codes of conduct in business dealings. Business cultures differ and are affected by different cultural priorities and what is acceptable and allowable by society. This kind or culture is not immune to collision and that they particularly do so in the context of a foreign environment where business and cultural priorities differ from one’s own way of doing things. In addition, an integrated cultural framework is going to be devised so as to pinpoint the major differences in culture. To summarize, international project management necessitates an effective process regarding communication assessment. Tone identified several areas wherein varied cultures play a part in project management. He noted two situations that if not taken seriously and not dealt with will cause cultural difficulties. The first scenario is where a Canadian project manager for example and a manager in China, manage a construction bridge in a particular country which is both not their own.

Mozart Operas and Pre-Revolution Chinese Operas Contain Surprising Article

Mozart Operas and Pre-Revolution Chinese Operas Contain Surprising Relationship - Article Example Also, the music takes greater importance in these works than the acting or singing, which is obvious in Mozart’s operas, but much less so in Chinese operas. Each of these styles is driven by the music, rather than by the story or even the vocal performances. Finally, both styles of opera have an understated simplicity, making the viewer of the opera believe that he or she could have come up with the plot, which allows for more enjoyment of the music and the experience as a whole. This is not to say that the plots of these operas do not have their complexities, but the basic plot is usually easy to follow, allowing for the casual viewer to simply enjoy the experience. The works of Mozart are widely regarded as some of the greatest in history. Even individuals who do not follow the opera or classical music closely have most likely heard his name and have also heard his music at some point during their lives. What these individuals probably do not know, however, is how politically driven much of Mozart’s work was. An example of this was Mozart opera entitled The Marriage of Figaro, which was originally banned in Vienna because it is a satirical look at aristocracy. Mozart had some very famous battles with the upper class over the course of his career, which got him into trouble because of his volatile personality.

Risk assessment and Epidemiology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Risk assessment and Epidemiology - Essay Example Our discussion will be related to India where Tuberculosis or TB is a massive health problem. Here in this module we will examine the pathogen that is the cause of such a massive health disaster, and also make an epidemiological risk assessment for the same . Tuberculosis is caused by the pathogenic species Mycobacterium Tuberculosis as well as Mycobacterium Bovis. TB is spread generally through aerosols, when a person sneezes, or through cough and cold. Among the total cases in the world India caters 1/5th of the total cases with a whooping 2 million of patients .An approximately 0.3-0.4 million people die from TB in India each year .Tuberculosis affects the central nervous system, lymphatic system, circulatory system .Here the pathogen takes the most simplified route for the disease to spread i.e. through air .In 1990 The World Health Organization had declared TB to be the 7th most deadliest disease in the world. It also points out to a bare fact that TB shall continue to remain in that position till 2020 .Three years later in 1993 WHO declared TB as a global emergency. Such statistics acts as a pointer to India's position which remains grin . Exposure to the disease can take place from various fonts, these are i) nature of the contact that take place ii) the frequency of the contact iii) Frequency of the infected person in a certain region. Here the frequency may vary from villages to towns and cities .The hygiene and the healthcare habits of individuals , their lifestyle system , values also plays an important factor for the rapid spread of the disease .O'Grady and Riley in 1963 had experimentally demonstrated that Tubercle Bacilli was the causative agent that help in the transmission of the pathogenic

Apply The Prescribed Ethical Decimation Making Model (P.30 ) Using The Essay - 1

Apply The Prescribed Ethical Decimation Making Model (P.30 ) Using The case the Torture in Iraq - Essay Example However, the issue of torture has in recent times, enthused debate surrounding the interrogation methods used by the United States. In 2003, the entire world was shocked by numerous snapshots of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib prison in Iraq. The photos were taken by U.S. soldiers using cell phones and digital cameras, and showed detainees subjected to harsh and humiliating treatment by the U.S. troops. For instance, one photo portrayed a handcuffed, horrified prisoner accosted by a snarling military dog straining to break loose from its leash. Other photos showed nude prisoners forced to lie on top of each other in a stack or to act out sexual deeds. Numerous pictures displayed nude, hooded inmates manacled in painful conditions to beds and cell bars. In other photos, some inmates had bleeding wounds; others seemed to have wires attached to their bodies However, what was more shocking or disturbing is that, some of the photos displayed soldiers (both males and females) posing next to the maltreated prisoners, smiling, seeming to sadistically enjoy the abuse. In their response to the public outcry generated by the pictures, soldiers clarified that they had been given orders to â€Å"soften up† the detainees for more methodical interrogation there can be little doubt that the prisoner abuses at Abu Ghraib and some of the interrogation techniques used by the United States qualify as torture by the standards of international law. As it has been outlined above, torture is unethical and governments and it personnel refrain from. In order to clearly understand the ethics behind it this paper is going to focus on a case study, The Torture in Iraq, moreover, this paper is going to dwell on the prescribed ethical decimation making model as proposed by terry Cooper in his book, the Responsible Administrator: An Approach to Ethics for the

Death Penalty should be Illegal Essay Example for Free

Death Penalty should be Illegal Essay Each year in America there are about 250 people added to death row and 35 executed. The death penalty is the harshest form of punishment in the United States today. Once the jury has proved a criminal guilty they go to the second part of the trial the punishment phase. Lethal injection is the most common form of death. Capital Punishment is a difficult issue and there are as many different opinions as there are people. In this country Capital Punishment is not allowed but in America it is legal and it should not be. I think that Capital Punishment should be made illegal in America. The reasons I think that this should be illegal are. Firstly it is possible to execute someone who is innocent. If this does happen it cannot be undone whereas if they had been put in jail they could be released and given compensation. Secondly I think that death penalty is almost not a punishment because you are not around to be punished like if you were in jail with the poor living conditions and no freedom. The opposing side strongest argument would be in 1991; a young mother was rendered helpless and made to watch as her baby was executed. The mother was then mutilated and killed. The killer should not live in some prison with three meals a day, clean sheets, cable TV, family visits and endless appeals. For justice to prevail, some killers just need to die. Another reason I think that Capital Punishment should be made illegal is that life imprisonment without parole serves the same purposes as this at less cost. Right now, to execute someone in The U.S it costs approximately three times the amount it would to have them serve a life sentence in prison. The money used to pay for the death row (including court appeals) comes out of the taxpayers wallets. If Capital Punishment was made illegal, this money could go to other projects in need of the funds like building new prisons. A while ago in Britain, a man was released from prison who was wrongly  accused of committing murder. He had been sentenced to life imprisonment, for this murder. While he was in prison he always maintained he was innocent. It took years on campaigning while he was in prison to prove that he actually was innocent. If such a crime like this had been committed in America he could have been put on death row and been executed. If later on they found out he was innocent there would be nothing they could do to bring him back to life. In Britain the man was released and given compensation. There have been cases in America where innocent people have been executed, and this is the main reason I think it should be illegal. I hope most of you will now see the reasons why capital punishment is a waste of time and should not be made legal.

Data Application Development Earthquake and Breast Cancer

Data Application Development Earthquake and Breast Cancer Data Application Development for Earthquake and Breast Cancer Datasets Abstract-This report is a general study of two datasets, the first contains data from the earthquake occurred in the region of Marche, Italy in the year 2016 and the second dataset is mammography data, with mean values of measurements and structures of tumors found in patients, for both studies different techniques related to data science were applied, with the intention of revealing conclusions that a priori are impossible to visualize. Keywords-Italy Earthquake, Mammongraphy studies, MapReduce algorithm, Python. With the high processing power that modern computers have acquired, one of the scientific branches that have been most developing is data science, which consists of the generalized extraction of knowledge from information and data. Unlike statistical analysis, data science is more holistic, more global, for using large volumes of data to extract knowledge that adds value to an organization of any kind. In this project, the breast cancer dataset contains information on the geometry, size and texture of tumors found in approximately 5100 patients. The main idea with this database is to construct a predictive model that will be able to detect when a tumor is carcinogenic in other words, predict whether the cancer is benign or malignant, from the descriptions of the same one. In the other hand, the second dataset contains information about the earthquake that occurred in Italy in year 2016, contains all the replicas that occurred by three days after and all earthquakes are geotagged, with this dataset the main idea is to do data mining, to visualize the information of an innovative way, applying geospatial theory and statistical techniques specific of data science. A. Italy 2016 Earthquake Dataset This database is Open-Source accessible to the community and is part of the extensive catalog offered free of charge by the Kaggle website, its structure is as follows: template dataset Time Latitude Longitude Depth Magnitude UTC time WGS87 WGS87 Km Richter scale It has 8086 records with full data history, each row represents an earthquake event. For each event, the following properties are given: the exact timing of the event in the format Y-m-d hh:mm:s.ms the exact geographical coordinates of the event, in latitude and longitude the depth of the hypocenter in kilometers the magnitude value in Richter scale The dataset was collected from this real-time updated list from the Italian Earthquakes National Center. From now on we will call this dataset A B. Breast Cancer (Diagnostic) Data Set Features are computed from a digitized image of a fine needle aspirate (FNA) of a breast mass. They describe characteristics of the cell nuclei present in the image. n the 3-dimensional space is that described in [1]. Attribute Information: 1) ID number 2) Diagnosis (M = malignant, B = benign) 2)Ten real-valued features are computed for each cell nucleus: (a) radius (mean of distances from center to points on the perimeter) (b) texture (standard deviation of gray-scale values) (c) perimeter (d) area (e) smoothness (local variation in radius lengths) (f) compactness (perimeter^2 / area 1.0) (g) concavity (severity of concave portions of the contour) (h) concave points (number of concave portions of the contour) (i) symmetry (j) fractal dimension (coastline approximation 1) 3) The mean, standard error and worst or largest (mean of the three largest values) of these features were computed for each image, resulting in 30 features. For instance, field 3 is Mean Radius, field 13 is Radius SE, field 23 is Worst Radius. 4) All feature values are recoded with four significant digits. This database was obtained from Kaggle website. It belongs to their repository and is open to scientist of the world that want to study it. From now on we will call this dataset B Knowledge extraction is mainly related to the discovery process known as Knowledge Discovery in Databases (KDD), which refers to the non-trivial process of discovering knowledge and potentially useful information within the data contained in some information repository [2]. It is not an automatic process, it is an iterative process that exhaustively explores very large volumes of data to determine relationships. It is a process that extracts quality information that can be used to draw conclusions based on relationships or models within the data. A. Data selection Both databases were carefully chosen based on the following details: Reliable source or repository, which guarantees the reliability of the data, for this report the source is Kaggle who maintain a database open to the public and that users can comment. Data without an excessive amount of white space, since having to fill this spaces with 0 can cause distortions in the model, making the predictions or conclusions of the studies are invalid. That they contain at least 5000 rows, to make substantial the study and the conclusions had measurable. B. information preprocessing For both datasets, some simple statistical tests were performed with the intention of filling the missing data in the most effective way. For example, for the data of the B the standard deviation and the mean value was calculated, besides raising a frequency histogram to check that the data followed a Gaussian distribution, in fact the data is distributed in this way, so it was completed with values taken randomly based on the mean and standard deviation of the data, this way ensures that the missing data does not provide incorrect information. For the data of A, the average values were obtained and the latitudes and longitudes of each exact point where the earthquake occurred, rounded off in order to be able to made a geospatial label with a region of each Italian province. C. Transformation For both datasets, MapReduce algorithm was applied it is based on the HDFS data architecture. The idea is to be able to map key values, with each of the data and its header, so that the access to them is efficient, with this it is tried to give robustly to data, in addition to reducing the processing times. The main idea of this type of algorithm is to be able to maintain the data in distributed systems, although for this project only a single node was configured. D. Data Mining At this stage of the process, it is already clear how are data distributed, and it is where we decide which Machine Learning or Data Mining algorithms to apply. For the case of data set B, we decided Machine Learning algorithm based on logistic regression, starting from the following arguments: It was verified that the data follow a linear distribution and are correlated with each other. As the result is a decision, Benign or Malignant (1 or 0) The most intuitive is to apply the logistic regression to predict the diagnoses. For the second set of data the technique used will be the a posteriori study of the cataclysm with the intention of revealing conclusions about earthquake, focused on the geospatial area, starting with the labeling WGS87 and with the coordinates of each earthquake it is possible to construct a density of earthquakes by region, With this data it is possible to determine which region was most affected, which was the epicenter of the earthquake and to determine if there is a correlation between the depth of the earthquake and the magnitude. There is no period after the et in the Latin abbreviation et al. The abbreviation i.e. means that is, and the abbreviation e.g. means for example. The implementation was made in Python version 2.7. There are a few key libraries that will be used. Below is a list of the Python SciPy libraries required for implement algorithms for B: Scipy, numpy, matplotlib, pandas sklearn, patsy and statsmodels. And other few more for implement A: Pandas, Numpy, Matplotlib, Basemap, Shapely, Pysal, Descartes, Fiona, Pylabs and Statsmodels, and the architecture for store and read the data is the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is the primary storage system used by Hadoop applications. HDFS is built to support applications with large data sets, including individual files that reach into the terabytes. It uses a master/slave architecture, with each cluster consisting of a single NameNode that manages file system operations and supporting DataNodes that manage data storage on individual compute nodes. In the next image, Fig. 1 are exposed the workflow diagram for the Machine Learning algorithm applied to B dataset Figure 1: Workflow for Machine Learning algorithm And in the second one, Fig. 2 the workflow for dataset A, this workflow was constructed from the selected methodology, the idea is to follow this pattern of work to increase the productivity of research as they are work frames highly tested by qualified researchers in the area. Figure 2: Workflow for Data Mining research For the data set B, a recursion stage is considered in case the final predictions are not satisfactory, this would entail rethinking the model and to get everything values again. For data set A, the diagram is focused on maximum representation of the data to extract a substantial number of conclusions from graphs. A. Dataset A The first result obtained is a map of the central region of Italy with each of 8000 points where earthquakes occurred. Figure 3: Scatter ploting with administrative subdivision Weve drawn a scatter plot on Italy map Fig. 3, containing points with a 50 meters diameter, corresponding to each point of A dataset. This is a first step, but doesnt really tell anything interesting about the density per region merely that there were more earthquakes in Marche Italy region than in the outer places. Figure 4: Density ploting with administrative subdivision Now we can see how was the distribution Fig. 4 of the earthquake. It is clear on the map that the regions most affected were Lazio, Marche and Umbria. Figure 5: Magnitude rolling mean Most of the earthquakes occurred at a depth of 10km. This can be seen in next graph Fig. 6 by a frequency histogram of depth. Figure 6: Frequency Histogram The following table shows the 5 earthquakes with the greatest impact and their regions where they occurred. table II: Greater magnitude earthquakes Time Region Depth Magnitude 2016-08-24 Lazio 8.1 6.0 2016-08-24 Umbria 8.0 5.4 2016-10-26 Umbria 8.7 5.4 2016-10-26 Brescia 7.5 5.9 2016-10-30 Brescia 9.2 6.5 B. Dataset B We are going to look at two types of plots: Univariate plots to better understand each attribute. Multivariate plots to better understand the relationships between attributes. 1) Univariate Plots: We start with some univariate plots, that is, plots of each individual variable. Given that the input variables are numeric, we can create box and whisker plots of each. Figure 7: whisker plots Fig. 7 gives a much clearer idea of the distribution of the input attributes It looks like perhaps most of the input variables have a Gaussian distribution. This is useful to note as we can use algorithms that can exploit this assumption also this can be seen in Fig. 8. Figure 8: Frequency histogram 2) Algorithm evaluation: In this step we evaluated the most important algorithms of Machine Learning in search of which is best adapted to the data. we used statistical methods to estimate the accuracy of the models that we create on unseen data. We also want a more concrete estimate of the accuracy of the best model on unseen data by evaluating it on actual unseen data. That is, we were held back some data that the algorithms will not get to see and we will use this data to get a second and independent idea of how accurate the best model might actually be. We split the loaded dataset into two, 80% of which we used to train our models and 20% that we will hold back as a validation dataset. We evaluated 6 different algorithms: Logistic Regression (LR) Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA) K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN). Classification and Regression Trees (CART). Gaussian Naive Bayes (NB). Support Vector Machines (SVM). This is a good mixture of simple linear (LR and LDA), nonlinear (KNN, CART, NB and SVM) algorithms. We reset the random number seed before each run to ensure that the evaluation of each algorithm is performed using exactly the same data splits. It ensures the results are directly comparable. Figure 9: Algorithm comparison LR: 0.658580 (0.027300) LDA: 0.661676 (0.026534) KNN: 0.606749 (0.023558) CART: 0.569616 (0.041578) NB: 0.621194 (0.032784) SVM: 0.641823 (0.025195) The LR algorithm was the most accurate model that we tested. Now we want to get an idea of the accuracy of the model on our validation set. This will give us an independent final check on the accuracy of the best model. It is valuable to keep a validation set just in case you made a slip during training, such as overfitting to the training set or a data leak. Both will result in an overly optimistic result. We can run the LR model directly on the validation set and summarize the results as a final accuracy score, a confusion matrix and a classification report. The accuracy is 0.75 or 75%. The confusion matrix provides an indication of the 25 errors made. As we can see the data science has a wide field of work, in areas so diverse that for the case of this report ranging from medicine to cartography and seismology. With this report, it is evident how important the Machine Learning algorithms in cancer diagnosis, although this small case in study is not perfect, there are more advanced tools and more sophisticated algorithms that allow penetrating in this field of An amazing form, the author recommend a degree project where Deep Learning algorithms and deep neural networks are applied in the diagnosis of diseases. It is certainly a prominent field. On the other hand, in the first dataset, it was possible to explore tools for the management of maps and the placement of big amounts of data on these, with the main idea of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹exposing results that looking at the raw data is impossible to observe. This allows you to find new points of view about phenomena already happened and learn from them to improve infrastructures or tools. In short, data science is a field in full swing that will give much to talk about in recent years, we live in an age where information is power and manipulate and understand information are the tools of the future. References K. P. Bennett and O. L. Mangasarian: Robust Linear Programming Discrimination of Two Linearly Inseparable Sets, Optimization Methods and Software 1, 1992, 23-34 Williams, G. J., Huang, Z. (1996, October). A case study in knowledge acquisition for insurance risk assessment using a KDD methodology. In Proceedings of the Pacific Rim Knowledge Acquisition Workshop, Dept. of AI, Univ. of NSW, Sydney, Australia (pp. 117-129).

Concepts of Universal Design in Architecture

Concepts of Universal Design in Architecture There are many misconceptions surrounding the idea of universal design. People often believe that providing the disabled with signage or a ramp is sufficient and practices the ideals of universal design. What people must understand is that universal design is about providing these necessary amenities to the disabled without segregating them from the norm of society. It is also about creating a space that can withstand multiple environments and the fads of time as a timeless creation. In a universally designed world peoples differences are not highlighted by building usage but are designed for and create seamlessness between users. The bottom up theory is looked to by many designers when establishing universal space; it works on the premise that the building users, the architect is serving include those with disabilities are all people who can be treated as normal people[2] and with this you must start at the bottom of the pyramid and aim to reach the top and achieve universal design. Questions to consider when designing a universally designed space may be how this space will respond to different environments or eras and as the user or users change what will be the response to how it is used. Universal designed has been outlined and defined into seven principles that can be applied to a wide range of areas including architectural spaces to product design. Equitable use Flexibility in use Simple and intuitive Perceptible information Tolerance for error Low physical effort Size and space for approach and use Access Living Headquarters Access Living is an organization that started in the early 1970s and has been committed to rehabilitation and growth of disabled peoples by the support of disabled peoples. This company has personal with a multitude of disabilities and unique challenges that they encounter. In March 5, 2007 LCM Architects lead by partner John H. Catlin, FAIA designed access livings main headquarters in Chicago with not only a universal focus by as a sustainable design direction. This 50,000 115 West Chicago Avenue. business footprint for Access living truly reflects the mission of the company and reinforces their ideals to empower the options available to differences of others. It has been awarded the Barrier Free America Award from Paralyzed Veterans of America; A sustainable design award from AIA; the Trend Setter Award from Friends of Downtown; LEED Gold Certification; and a Silver Award from the Association of Licensed Architects. Design Solutions LCM architects started the vision of universal design, by choosing an accessible location and considering building approach. The building is no more than two blocks from the local trains underground station and from the city bus. This close relationship not only encourages green transportation but it provided for uses that may not have other modes of transportation and its prime location allows for people from multiple locations to be able to utile this feature with ease. In addition to the consideration of close proximity, the garage of the building has designated spaces that allow for electric vehicles to be recharged for use. As users approach, the building integrates two curb drop offs seamlessly added to allow for users coming from street level and for wheelchair lifts to have a direct route to the main building entrance[4]. Being in a colder climate of the United States, architect Catlin devised a solution to deal with iced sidewalks in the winter months by designing a heated concrete sidewalks and well lit approaches. All of these features lead directly into the entrance of the building that is separated by two sets of sliding doors that open directly off the sidewalk. These doors have a wide opening of sixty inches to allow for easy mobility or two wheelchairs in passing. Once you enter in to building for access living, its well designed interior lobby space and furniture selection leaves you no clue that this space is universally designed. LCM architects and there team of designers took close consideration into their interior choices being conscience of spacing, materials, colors and configurations so this truly was a universally accepting space. Universal design has a close relationship to human factor and ergonomics. As a process they both attempt to consider the abilities and limitations of users when developing a product or building an environment.[5] All of the furniture came from the Steelcase, so a select piece could be duplicated in several forms to include with arms/without, adjustable or basic systems that encouraged change as necessary. Using a single manufacturer line allowed for a wide range of seating choices to read and flow seamlessly. Within this configuration ample space is giving for wheelchair move ability and integration within a personal or large group interaction. Multiple chair heights are included for users of all statures and clearance below some of the seating is open to allow the user to push up to the standing position with their leg muscles[6]. A custom feature within the lobby is the reception desk; Lehner points out that the reception area underscores the universal design. A person approaching the reception desk in a wheelchair should have the same ability to use it as a person who doesnt have a disability. Thats the premise behind the entire design-no one uses a back door or side door, and no one uses a ramp. Everybody comes in the same door and uses the same elevators[8]. Unique to most reception desk, the primary dimension is at a wheel chaired accessible counter height of (29-30 AFF)[9]. Based on the guided approach to the desk knee and toe space is carefully designed and provide for. The reception desk does also include a small portion at the standard height of 42. Much consideration was giving to the reception side of the desk because this would be the primary and full time user of the millwork. The desk maintains the counter height and electrical outlets are placed at the ends of the counter opposed to across to mi nimize the need for users to strain to reach across counter span. The employee also is provided with a very accessible approach to their work station and a turning radius within, allowing for a 360 degree wheelchair turning radius. Beyond the reception desk, clever inclusions of universal principles are utilized to assist with user move ability throughout. Two elevators with double entry points allow users to move quickly in and out without the need of turning within a small confined space. The elevators are also large enough to support four wheelchairs within. Along with the maximization of mobility within the elevator Architect Catilin incorporated state of the art emergency use technology for the deaf and head of hearing and enlarge elevator buttons placed at a universal accessible height. Each of the floors of the Access Living Company, are color coded so users can easily identify locality and direction. This color coding process is a wonderful tool to assist the young child to elderly and people with all timers. This would also eliminate the frustrations of getting off the elevator on the wrong floor, like so many of us have done. Once on a floor users, will notice ample floor space as to not to feel const rained by close furniture configurations and for wheelchair passing. The high traffic and areas of egress are ingeniously deigned with a floor border that lines the walls so the visually impaired can easily utilize this tool to maneuver through the floors. To a user with no sight impairments this simply appears as an aesthetical feature because of how well it integrated throughout. This feature is a prime example of how universal design principles do not highlighting the differences of users. Obstacles In designing the Access Living headquarter LCM Architects, incurred many obstacles in creating a space that was not only universal, sustainable but also aesthetically and functionally useable. With their primary focus on creating a universal space they quickly learned that what works for one disability doesnt always work for another,[10] Lehner says. As a universal designer you must learn to balance the integration of accommodations so they are not swayed by a particular user. Thats nowhere more apparent than in the flooring. LCM discovered through research that carpeting, contrary to popular belief, serves people with MCS by trapping contaminants that would otherwise remain airborne. It also offers traction for people using canes. But carpeting can be difficult to negotiate with a wheelchair, says Catlin[11] This is a great lesson to be learned because when people think a disability they too often only think of wheelchair users. After selecting a fabric that architect Catlin thought would be perfect for all of the users in the space he quickly had to return to the drawing board after one employee had an epileptic seizure from the intense patterning of the flooring. This is one example of the many difficulties faced in this project in designing for the masses, but Catlin remedies this problem by installing a more muted pattern through the building while still ensuring there was still enough contrast on hallway borders to help guide people with visual impairments[12]. Conclusion Although they are a portion of users there are wheel chair bound we must consider and be aware that there are countless impairments that cause all users to have different needs and ways in which they utilize a space. Designing a universal space you must have an understanding of that and remember that you are not designing for outlined user but in turn everyone becomes your user. It is often very difficult to create and design a workable solution that all people will deem user friendly, which is why architects and designers seem to steam away from this principle. Catlin illustrates that not only can design be an aesthetically pleasing universal space but green principle can also be an applied in a brilliant way. Works Cited Access Living. Ed. Geekpak. Acess Living, 2008. Web. 14 Oct. 2009. Boniface, Russell. Paralyzed Veterans of America Honors Chicago-based Access Living for Accessible Design. The News of Americans Community of Architects. AIArchitect, 17 Aug. 2007. Web. 20 Oct. 2009. . Dong, Hua. Shifting Paradigms in Universal Design. Vol. 4554/2007. Heidelberg: Springer, 2007. Print. Goldsmith, Selwyn. Universal Design. Maine: Architectural, 2001. Print. Meyers, Tiffany. UNIVERSAL DESIGN IN ACCESS LIVING HQ. Metropolis Magazine Oct. 2007. Metropolis Magazine, Sept. 09. Web. 23 Oct. 2009. . Tandem, Byan, ed. Home Design: Understanding Universal Design. AARP (2008). AARP. Web. 22 Oct. 2009. . Goldsmith, Selwyn. Universal Design. Maine: Architectural, 2001. Print. Goldsmith Access Living. Ed. Geekpak. Access Living, 2008. Web. 14 Oct. 2009. Access Living Dong, Hua. Shifting Paradigms in Universal Design. Vol. 4554/2007. Heidelberg: Springer, 2007. Print. Access Living Access Living Boniface, Russell. Paralyzed Veterans of America Honors Chicago-based Access Living for Accessible Design. The News of Americans Community of Architects. AIArchitect, 17 Aug. 2007. Web. 20 Oct. 2009. . Access Living Meyers, Tiffany. UNIVERSAL DESIGN IN ACCESS LIVING HQ. Metropolis Magazine Oct. 2007. Metropolis Magazine, Sept. 09. Web. 23 Oct. 2009. . Meyers Meyers

Essay --

Standards and Procedures It is the policy of Business Ethics Company (further called the â€Å"Company†) that employees shall conduct their business activities with honesty, fairness and integrity by following fundamental ethical standards. This Executive Directive applies to all Company Commission employees. All Managers and Supervisors are responsible for ensuring compliance with this directive. All employees are accountable for compliance with this directive. Types of regulated activities and violations of this directive include conduct of employee activity which is in any way job related and which involves a dishonest, unethical or otherwise unlawful act in violation of Company instructions, directives or policies. Employees should not attempt to deceive, defraud or mislead Company management, other employees, or those whom the Company has business or other relationships; take or misuse Company property, funds or service; misrepresent the Company or its employees, divulge or release any information relating to the Company of a proprietary nature; obtain a personal advantage or benefit because of their association with the Company or by use of the Company name; withhold their best efforts to perform their work to acceptable standards; engage in unethical business practices; violate application laws; or conduct themselves at any time dishonestly or in a manner which will reflect discredit on the Company. The following provides a general outline of the types of activities subject to this directive and examples of misconduct to be considered when administering this Executive Directive. However, no attempt has been made to illustrate every conceivable instance which would be considered misconduct. All funds collected on beha... ...ted as soon as is reasonably practicable to the Human Resources Director for approval. Upon request of an employee, Human Resources may advise employees on whether the Company would consider a proposed action to be a violation of this Executive Directive. No employee will be held to have violated this directive if the alleged violation resulted from his or her good faith reliance on a written opinion from the Human Resources Director and the opinion was made after a full and accurate disclosure of the material facts. Employees violating this Executive Directive will be subject to disciplinary action up to and including dismissal and may also be subject to legal action. In addition, supervisors who knowingly allow others to violate this Executive Directive will be subject to disciplinary action up to and including dismissal and may also be subject to legal action.

Consumerism Essay -- consumer movement

In the fourth era of the consumer movement, the key marketplace features include concern for the environment, increasingly complex technology, a diverse market, and a global market. Concern for the environment has manifested itself in a number of different ways. One example is the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which caused many consumers to become disappointed in Exxon. Exxon has had to work at improving its environmental image after this accident, and there are still individuals who will not buy gas at Exxon as a result of Exxon’s handling of this situation. There has been a trend in the past ten years or so to protect the environment and to also buy products that are more natural and environmentally sound. In our era, Fresh Fields, a supermarket that has sells organic and more natural products, has prospered because of consumers’ interests in buying food that is not contaminated by pesticides, chemicals, and other non-natural ingredients. Interestingly enough, a news report last week on TV indicated that organic produce, which is more expensive than regular produce, may actually be more dangerous to consume because it is fertilized with manure that contains E. Coli bacteria. There may be a consumer backlash against organic products if they are shown to pose a danger to the consumer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complex technology, has also been a key marketplace feature of the fourth era of the consumer movement. Through the Internet, it is possible to buy even the most obscure goods and services, often at prices which are significantly less expensive than at a retail establishment. However, the Internet also presents serious risks to the consumer. The Clinton administration recently announced that it is proposing legislation that will address the illegal sale of drugs via the Internet. It is now possible to purchase prescription drugs though Internet companies, by placing the orders online. However, this practice is not sufficiently regulated, and consumers may be getting medicines that would ordinarily require close supervision by a personal physician, without having adequate medical supervision when they buy through the Internet. It is very easy to do an Internet search for Internet drug companies, some of which are located overseas (especially in Asia, Mexico and Europe), and find companies which sell Viagra, Xenical, Propec... ...r safeguards to protect the interests of the consumer. The FDA, for example, did not exist at the turn of the 19th Century. There were no regulations or laws to protect the environment. People were generally at the mercy of businesses, large and small, that could make claims about their products and services even if these claims were misleading or untrue. The activism in the beginning of the consumer movement was revolutionary, because this activism introduced and established the idea that consumers have rights and must be treated justly by business. Consumer activism is no longer a revolutionary idea, but it is more prevalent than it was fifty years ago. Consumer activism, in this day and age, actually is ubiquitous. Now, we think of consumer activism as a normal part of business. We buy Consumer Reports, check the Internet to compare products and prices, and engage in political activism for the purpose of preserving consumer rights. Moreover, businesses have become much more se nsitive to the needs and wants of consumers. Consumer reaction has a great impact on the way that companies operate today, and business have learned that consumers wield great power in today’s marketplace. Consumerism Essay -- consumer movement In the fourth era of the consumer movement, the key marketplace features include concern for the environment, increasingly complex technology, a diverse market, and a global market. Concern for the environment has manifested itself in a number of different ways. One example is the Exxon Valdez oil spill, which caused many consumers to become disappointed in Exxon. Exxon has had to work at improving its environmental image after this accident, and there are still individuals who will not buy gas at Exxon as a result of Exxon’s handling of this situation. There has been a trend in the past ten years or so to protect the environment and to also buy products that are more natural and environmentally sound. In our era, Fresh Fields, a supermarket that has sells organic and more natural products, has prospered because of consumers’ interests in buying food that is not contaminated by pesticides, chemicals, and other non-natural ingredients. Interestingly enough, a news report last week on TV indicated that organic produce, which is more expensive than regular produce, may actually be more dangerous to consume because it is fertilized with manure that contains E. Coli bacteria. There may be a consumer backlash against organic products if they are shown to pose a danger to the consumer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Complex technology, has also been a key marketplace feature of the fourth era of the consumer movement. Through the Internet, it is possible to buy even the most obscure goods and services, often at prices which are significantly less expensive than at a retail establishment. However, the Internet also presents serious risks to the consumer. The Clinton administration recently announced that it is proposing legislation that will address the illegal sale of drugs via the Internet. It is now possible to purchase prescription drugs though Internet companies, by placing the orders online. However, this practice is not sufficiently regulated, and consumers may be getting medicines that would ordinarily require close supervision by a personal physician, without having adequate medical supervision when they buy through the Internet. It is very easy to do an Internet search for Internet drug companies, some of which are located overseas (especially in Asia, Mexico and Europe), and find companies which sell Viagra, Xenical, Propec... ...r safeguards to protect the interests of the consumer. The FDA, for example, did not exist at the turn of the 19th Century. There were no regulations or laws to protect the environment. People were generally at the mercy of businesses, large and small, that could make claims about their products and services even if these claims were misleading or untrue. The activism in the beginning of the consumer movement was revolutionary, because this activism introduced and established the idea that consumers have rights and must be treated justly by business. Consumer activism is no longer a revolutionary idea, but it is more prevalent than it was fifty years ago. Consumer activism, in this day and age, actually is ubiquitous. Now, we think of consumer activism as a normal part of business. We buy Consumer Reports, check the Internet to compare products and prices, and engage in political activism for the purpose of preserving consumer rights. Moreover, businesses have become much more se nsitive to the needs and wants of consumers. Consumer reaction has a great impact on the way that companies operate today, and business have learned that consumers wield great power in today’s marketplace.

The Rivers Of France :: Geography France Rivers Water Essays

The Rivers of France The Rhà ´ne system The Rhà ´ne is the great river of the southeast. Rising in the Alps, it passes through Lake Geneva (French: Lac Là ©man) to enter France, which has 324 miles of its total length of 505 miles. At Lyon it receives its major tributary, the Saà ´ne. In eastern France the direction of the main rivers is predominantly north-south through the Alpine furrow. The regime of the Rhà ´ne is complex. Near Lyon the Rhà ´ne and its important Isà ¨re and Drà ´me tributaries, draining from the Alps, have a marked late spring-early summer peak caused by the melting of snow and ice. While this peak is generally characteristic of the river as a whole, it is considerably modified by the contribution of the Saà ´ne, of the Durance, and of some tributaries in the Mediterranean south as a result of the fall-winter rainfall peak. Thus the powerful Rhà ´ne has a remarkably ample flow in all seasons. The course of the river and the local water tables has been much modified by a series of dams to gener ate power and to permit navigation to Lyon. The Rhà ´ne also supplies cooling water to a series of atomic power stations. West of the Rhà ´ne, the Bas Rhà ´ne-Languedoc canal, constructed after World War II to provide irrigation, has proved to be an essential element in the remarkable urban and industrial development of Languedoc. East of the Rhà ´ne the Canal de Provence taps the unpolluted waters of a Rhà ´ne tributary, the Durance, supplying Aix-en-Provence, Marseille, Toulon, and the coast of Provence with drinking water and providing impetus for urban expansion. At its delta, beginning about 25 miles from the Mediterranean, the Rhà ´ne and its channels deposit significant amounts of alluvium to form the Camargue region. The Rhine system The Rhine forms the eastern boundary of France for some 118 miles. In this section its course is dominated by the melting of snow and ice from Alpine headstreams, giving it a pronounced late spring-summer peak and often generally low water in autumn. The Ill, which joins the Rhine at Strasbourg, drains southern Alsace. The Rhine valley has been considerably modified by the construction on the French side of the lateral Grand Canal d'Alsace, for power generation and navigation. The eastern Paris Basin is drained by two tributaries, the Moselle, (partly canalized), and the Meuse; the former reaches the Rhine by way of Luxembourg and Germany, and the latter, as the Maas (Dutch), reaches the Rhine delta at the North Sea by way of Belgium and The Netherlands.

Poetry Analysis- in the Station of the Metro

When we read poems, we don’t exactly interpret the meaning of it automatically. It takes us a shot, or two, or three to fully understand the meaning of it or at least have your own interpretation. In the poem In a Station of the Metro, written by Ezra Pound, one of the themes that are presented is modernization. Nowadays, the metro isn’t the place where people want to be because of its lousy appearance, the people seem a little odd for others, and in other words people don’t like taking it because we all have the mentality that something bad will happen.In the next few paragraphs, it will explain detail by detail how certain literary elements are used and relate to the theme. Everything we read has a mood to put us in while we read whether it’d be comical, depressing, or even mysterious. The poem’s mood is profound. Why is this poem so profound? Well for one, with only 2 sentences there are only so much that we can uncover about a poem. A perfect ex ample to back up the fact that this poem is profound is the title.We all think that the title isn’t as important as the rest of the poem but in this one it is because without it, nobody would be able to figure out the real meaning since no one will know what the writer wrote about. For example, without the title, it can be a performer looking at the audience waiting, looking like petals on a branch just sitting there waiting for seasons to change, meaning for the performer to go up. Profound moods and modernization come together because when you think about something in general, sometimes you try discovering a new meaning to it.In the poem, we see a clear indication that with the only two sentences there are, we are supposed to come up with our own meaning. What the author did was probably for us readers to decode our own meaning of the poem by just writing 2 sentences. Because the mood is so profound, it’s very relevant to modernization because in the modern world, we find that metros are filled with angry people pushing, dirty floors and walls. The author is basically telling us that we are still the same people just on a dirty metro, as well reminding us to be calm and think of ourselves as flowers on a branch.What we see and what we actually interpret are two different things. Not everything is what it seems to be. Another element used is comparisons. To compare something means to take something and make it seem like something else. In the poem, the poet describes â€Å"faces in the crowd† as â€Å"petals on a wet, black bough† because in a crowd, it’s easy to pick out different faces because everyone is different. Everyone has a unique look and since the poet is picking out faces in a crowd, it could be a comparison to picking out petals, off a stem or a bough, one by one as if each petal was an individual face.Imagery can also be linked with the topic of comparisons because every sentence has a different meaning that ca n be linked to each other in a way that we can imagine it. Usually a metro is hectic, nobody really wants to be in it especially at rush hour, but what the poet is trying to do is remind us that within our environment around us are serenity and peace in ourselves that we have to think of. Petals from flowers are very delicate and the poet tells us that if it’s hectic on the metro or anywhere else, there is always peace to think of, like the flowers.These elements are relevant to the theme because nowadays, people tend to judge before they think twice. In the poem for example, if the people weren’t reminded that there is peace and serenity within themselves, then they’d think their society is a bad place. Is there such thing as nonsense? Is a pile of nonsense put together supposed to make sense? In the poem, the last two elements presented are effective line breaks and ambiguity.To be ambiguous means to be vague, and the poem really shows the vagueness in the eff ective line breaks. Every line in the poem is a different sentence, irrelevant to the others. The first sentence would have to be the title, â€Å"In a Station of the Metro†. This is an incomplete sentence and with the others that come, it still makes no sense. The second sentence is â€Å"The apparition of these faces in a crowd;†, still an incomplete sentence because there’s a verb that needs to come into play for it to be complete and make sense.And the last sentence of the poem is â€Å"Petals on a wet, black bough†; this as well is an incomplete sentence simply just a description. But if everything is put together, this is where ambiguity and as well imagery comes in. The fact that everything is so vague and that after every sentence there’s a break, it could subliminally mean that everything is meant to be put together like a puzzle. When the sentences are put together, it tells us that within a crowd of people on a metro, everyone is unique like petals on a bough.Even if something is ambiguous, there is always a way to figure out some meaning for it. This is related to modernization because like imagery, we don’t perceive things for what they are right away so it’s very vague, then after figuring out what it could mean or be; everything would make sense. To conclude, modernization has changed the way we think as the years go by, we all have different points of view now and we judge before we think things through.In the poem, using all the elements like mood, imagery, comparisons, ambiguity and use of effective line breaks, they all had some relevance towards the theme which was modernization. Things have changed since the earlier years. Back then, no one judged right away, everyone was just living. Now that we have new technology and such, it makes us closed minded because technology told made us believe that the real world sucks. The poem made me realize that there is more to the world than what we can a ctually physically see. Sometimes what we see isn’t exactly what we think it is.

Anti-Corruption Drive in India

â€Å"Anna Hazare’s Leadership† and Anti –corruption campaign in India 16th august 2011, was a day of vanity in Indian history which has putted curiosity among most of Indians. Many of us coveted to be part of the activities happening all around in Delhi, a wish to join hands with Anna Hazare. It was really hard to believe that a tenacious soldier could turn into an anti-corruption crusader by brilliantly executing an amazing series of checks and counter checks, leading to eventual checkmate. It was great experience to see a charismatic leadership in role of Anna Hazare that’s effect was so much subliminal which has shaken the backbone of deep rooted corruption in this country. Two questions were striking. Why this campaign? & why we need Anna for this campaign? Do we desperately need a leader like M. C. Gandhi again, who can cave in a right direction? Why we forgot real Gandhi and His sacrifice? We only remember that â€Å"Note wala Gandhi† by Munna Bhai MBBS. When we go to any office, Office clerk ask us â€Å"bhaiya Gandhi ke darshan karaa do Kaam ho jayega†. This campaign under Anna’s leadership is purposeful in following dimensions. 1. Creating dominance against corruption The major force behind this campaign was creating environment against corruption, if we turn up with association of corruption, we formulate it asCorruption = Authority + Monopoly – Transparency Authority, we cannot ignore the fact that authority should be given to some peoples to govern. But intension to choose those peoples plays importance. When transparency enforces to choose authority outcome is better, if somebody an ets absolute authority to govern then, its’ clear that corruption would be there. ‘Absolut Authority, Absolute Corruption’. If only some people have the control over all the resources, resulting decisions become biased, certain group who hold the resources, drives monopoly. This campaign is about to include transparency in the society and system to prevent government, social and corporate corruption. 2. Promoting re ctitude among individuals As well said a civilized economy cannot ignore the social value of business and responsibilities towards society, and environment. This is what not happening in Indian Economy, to keep and realize â€Å"civilized economy† a strong need of moral rectitude is required. Inclusiveness of all sections of the society, participation of each class families in this campaign gives an indication to take forward that people should realize their responsibility towards others and make the system better by considering each spot transparent. 3. Optimism for clean Institutions Corruption has been deeply rooted in peoples’ day to day life. Even sometimes we take or give bribe and don’t realize it. It has been strongly associated with status in society, fast growth and richness. Such kind of environment leaves an honest person alone and hopeless. This campaign has created some hope of truth, honesty and evoked to clean social and corporate Institutions from corruption. 4. Uprising humanity A development can be sustainable and unsustainable. In India, development is taking place at cost of others that’s why the gap between rich and poor becoming wider. We feel proud when we look our GDP is growing around 8. 5 to 9. % per year, on other side we fall under that category where we have the world’s largest population below poverty line. Sustainability which comes with collective humanism, must be our intention in development process, only then we can be able to develop ourselves with providing space for others to develop. The development stature of Anna’s village depicts an example of sustainability and this campaign under his leadership is pointing towards susta inable development. Reference: 1. http://nvonews. com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/anna-ram-rajya. jpg

Australian Consumer Law

There was a major change for Australian Consumer Law. Within this paper, the differences on the old and the new system will be discussed further. Australian Consumer Law is a single national law, which is, applies in all jurisdictions, to all business and to all industry sectors. The ACL also represents a new approach to considering consumer policy issues, with the Australian Government and the States and Territories working closely together to consider develop and implement changes. This essay will explain about the differentiation between the old system and the new system. There are several benefits for the consumer such as, this ACL will replace 20 existing state with one law, this new law is also easier to understand and clearer. On the 1st January 2011 was the beginning of a new consumer policy in Australia. That policy is called ACL (Australian Consumer Law), ACL is a single national law covering all each state and territory. This ACL will replace the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 and will renaming the Trade Practices Act 1974. This law will also apply similar to Commonwealth law. Every state and Territory will also make the ACL as their policy so that it will be equal for all Australia. All Australian courts and tribunals also from the states and territories enforce this law. This law has created a new different system as mentioned above, this law is one for all. There will be several major changes applied to customer or to seller. For example; * Product safety, a new national product safety legislative regime is set out. Also includes extensive new notification requirements for all suppliers. * Misleading or deceptive conduct, ACL prohibit misleading or deceptive conduct in trade or commerce. The ACL will provide the same broad protection as section 52 of the TPA. Unfair Contracts, on the old law this took effect at a commonwealth level in Victoria and NSW and now, this law took effect as law of other states and territories on 1 January 2011. * Unsolicited sales; a new national governing unsolicited consumer agreements (door to door sales, telemarketing and other direct sales) are introduced. * Lay-by agreement is also introduced in this ACL. * Product safety, a ne w national product safety legislative regime is set out. Also includes extensive new notification requirements for all suppliers. There are also specific protections for the new ACL against unfair business practices. Not like the general protections mentioned above this specific activities that can be particularly caused negative impact, such as; * Failing to supply gifts and prizes or not supplying them as offered (mislead). * Pyramid selling schemes; such as network marketing. This new ACL also cover consumer guarantees. They create a single set of statutory consumer guarantees replace the old system of conditions and warranties in the Trade Practices Act. The guarantees modernise and clarify the operations of the law on consumer rights in relation to goods and services and align Australia’s law with the New Zealand Consumer Guarantees act 1993. Lay-by agreements, on this ACL there is a rules that cover the basic elements of lay-by agreement transactions in a non-prescriptive way. There are some key themes in the Consumer Law changes – enhancing consumer protection, reducing regulatory complexity and having a consistent national approach to facilitate a seamless national economy. The key components of the framework involve a new national consumer law, to be called the Australian Consumer Law, based on the existing consumer protection provisions of the Trade Practices Act (TPA). In addition, there will be some new consumer laws including: Provisions which regulate unfair terms in consumer contracts; new penalties, enforcement powers and redress options for consumers (ultimately, what every supplier doesn't want to hear); and a new national product safety regulatory system. There are strong reasons to have a national approach to consumer protection in Australia. The obvious reason is to ensure a consistent approach for both suppliers and consumers. Many organisations that supply consumer products and services, supply to consumers nationally and this is an increasing trend. It can become a logistical nightmare to manage different regimes in different states. In addition, there is no rational explanation for why consumers are offered different levels of protection just because they live in a certain state or territory. For some organisations, however, introducing a national approach with new consumer laws will mean change and substantial review of existing processes – this of course, means time and money. For example, a national approach to unfair contract terms will mean that organisations supplying to consumers will need to ensure that their agreements do not contain â€Å"unfair contract terms†. According to the Council of Australian Governments (COAG), unfair contract terms are those, which cause significant imbalance in parties' rights and obligations arising under a contract and are not reasonably necessary to protect the legitimate business interests of the supplier. Such terms will be prohibited in agreements (ie. greements that are not negotiated) with remedies available where a claimant can show detriment to the consumer, or a substantial likelihood of detriment (not limited to financial detriment). In getting up to speed on this change, it will be important for organisations to assess the meaning of an â€Å"unfair contract term† – the Consultation Paper provides some examples, but in practice it is likely that there will be uncertainty about what is an d isn't an unfair contract term. Based on all of those changes in ACL, it can be seen that the government trying to give an equal opportunity for every customer in Australia. As mentioned above, if we are buying iPad in Northern Territory, we will get insurance or a certain bonus but not when we are buying it in Victoria. The population of some certain states causes this issue, thus a store on the other state must have another promotion to cover their customer. On the other side for a business opportunity, this will be a little bit harder for a businessman to grow their business. They are so many rules for them to protect customer to be harmed.